Solar modules

Solar modules, also known as photovoltaic modules (PV modules), convert solar energy into electrical power. This process is based on the photoelectric effect, which was discovered back in the 19th century.

The heart of a solar module is the solar cell. It is made of semiconductor material, usually silicon. When sunlight hits the solar cell, its electrons are excited by the energy of the light particles (photons) and released from their atoms. These released electrons can then move in the semiconductor material and flow in an electrical circuit.

In order to optimize the flow of electricity, the solar cells are connected together in a module. The number of solar cells in a module can vary and is typically between 36 and 60. The more solar cells a module contains, the more electricity it can generate.

The back of the solar module is covered with a protective film that protects the solar cells from moisture and dirt. On the front of the module there is a glass pane that allows sunlight to pass through and at the same time protects the solar cells from mechanical damage.

The direct current generated cannot be fed directly into households or into the power grid. An inverter is therefore integrated into the system, which converts the direct current into alternating current. Alternating current is the form of electricity used in most homes and on the power grid.

The power of a solar module is given in Wattpeak (Wp). One Wp corresponds to the power that a module generates under standard conditions (1,000 W/m² solar radiation, 25 °C cell temperature). However, the actual performance of a solar panel may vary depending on environmental conditions.

Solar modules are environmentally friendly and sustainable energy sources. They produce no noise or emissions and therefore do not contribute to air pollution or climate change.

The lifespan of solar modules is usually 25 to 30 years. During this time they can retain up to 80% of their performance.

Solar modules are an investment in the future. They can help you reduce your electricity costs and make your contribution to climate protection.

In addition to generating electricity, solar panels can also be used for other purposes. So you can e.g. B. can be used for hot water preparation or heating buildings.

If you want to know more about solar panels, you can contact a professional. He can advise you whether solar modules are suitable for you and help you plan and install a solar system.

Solar modules, also called photovoltaic modules (PV modules), convert solar energy into electrical power. They are an important part of solar systems and are offered in different types that differ in material, efficiency and price. The three main types of solar panels are explained in more detail below:

1. Monocrystalline solar panels:

• Material: Monocrystalline solar modules consist of a single silicon crystal that is grown using a complex process.
• Efficiency: Monocrystalline solar modules have the highest efficiency of around 18 to 22%. This means that they can generate more electricity from a given amount of sunlight than other types of modules.
• Advantages: High efficiency, long service life (up to 30 years), high performance even in low light.
• Disadvantages: High acquisition costs, more susceptible to hotspots (local overheating).

2. Polycrystalline solar panels:

• Material: Polycrystalline solar modules consist of several silicon crystals that are melted together.
• Efficiency: Polycrystalline solar modules have a slightly lower efficiency of around 15 to 17% than monocrystalline modules.
• Advantages: Cheaper acquisition costs, less susceptible to hotspots.
• Disadvantages: Lower efficiency, shorter lifespan (about 25 years), lower performance in low light.

3. Thin film solar panels:

• Material: Thin-film solar modules consist of a thin layer of semiconductor material, e.g. B. cadmium telluride (CdTe) or copper indium gallium diselenide (CIGS), on a carrier film.
• Efficiency: Thin-film solar modules have the lowest efficiency of around 6 to 13%.
• Advantages: Lowest purchase costs, light and flexible modules, suitable for facade and roof applications.
• Disadvantages: Lower efficiency, shorter lifespan (around 20 years), lower performance in low light, limited availability.

Choosing the right type of solar module depends on various factors, such as: B. the budget, the available space and the individual needs. To make the best decision, it is advisable to seek advice from a specialist.

The efficiency of a solar module is a measure of how efficiently the module can convert solar energy into electrical power. It is given in percent (%) and describes the ratio of the electrical power generated by the module to the incident solar energy.

Calculating the efficiency:

The efficiency of a solar module can be calculated using the following formula:

Efficiency = (electrical power of the module / radiated solar energy) * 100%

Typical efficiencies:

The efficiency of solar modules is typically between 15 and 22%. Monocrystalline modules have the highest efficiency, followed by polycrystalline modules and thin-film modules.

Factors affecting efficiency:

The efficiency of a solar module can be influenced by various factors, such as: E.g.:

• Type of solar module: Monocrystalline modules have the highest efficiency, followed by polycrystalline modules and thin film modules.
• Quality of the solar cells: High-quality solar cells have a higher efficiency than inferior solar cells.
• Lighting conditions: The efficiency of a solar module is higher in direct sunlight than in diffuse light.
• Temperature: The efficiency of a solar module decreases as the temperature increases.
• Age of the solar module: The efficiency of a solar module can decrease over time.

Meaning of efficiency:

The efficiency of a solar panel is an important factor that should be considered when choosing a solar panel. A module with a high efficiency can generate more electricity and therefore contributes to a higher return on the investment.

In summary, the efficiency of a solar module is an important measure of the efficiency of the module. Monocrystalline modules have the highest efficiency, followed by polycrystalline modules and thin-film modules. The efficiency can be influenced by various factors, such as: B. the type of module, the quality of the solar cells, the lighting conditions and the temperature.

The amount of energy a solar panel produces per day depends on various factors:

1. Solar panel performance:

The power of a solar module is given in Wattpeak (Wp). One Wp corresponds to the power that a module generates under standard conditions (1,000 W/m² solar radiation, 25 °C cell temperature). The higher the power of the module, the more energy it can produce per day.

2. Sunlight:

The amount of solar energy that hits a solar panel varies depending on location, season and time of day. In Germany, the average solar radiation is around 1,000 kWh/m² per year.

3. Solar panel tilt angle:

The tilt angle of the solar panel affects the amount of solar energy the panel receives. An optimal tilt angle for Germany is in the range of 30° to 45°.

4. Orientation of the solar module:

The orientation of the solar panel also affects the amount of solar energy the panel receives. In Germany, solar modules should ideally face south.

5. Temperature:

The efficiency of a solar module decreases as the temperature increases. Therefore, a solar panel produces more energy in cooler temperatures than in warm temperatures.

6. Solar panel age:

The efficiency of a solar module can decrease over time. Therefore, an older solar module usually produces less energy than a new solar module.

Example calculation:

A solar module with an output of 300 Wp and an efficiency of 20% produces 60 Wp of electrical energy per hour under standard conditions. Since there is an average of 5 hours of sunshine per day in Germany, such a module produces around 1.8 kWh of electrical energy per day.

Conclusion:

The amount of energy a solar panel produces per day can vary greatly. In Germany, an average solar module with an output of 300 Wp can produce around 1.8 kWh of electrical energy per day.

It is important to note that this is only a guideline and the actual amount of energy will depend on the factors mentioned above.

The lifespan of a solar panel, also known as a photovoltaic panel, is the length of time it can generate electricity under normal operating conditions. Most solar panels have a lifespan of 25 to 30 years. During this time they can retain up to 80% of their performance.

Factors affecting service life:

• Solar cell quality: High-quality solar cells have a longer lifespan than inferior solar cells.
• Manufacturing Process: A careful manufacturing process can extend the life of a solar panel.
• Environmental effects: Extreme weather conditions such as hail, storms or strong sunlight can shorten the lifespan of a solar module.
• Maintenance: Regular cleaning and inspection of the solar panel can extend its lifespan.

Solar cell degradation:

The performance of a solar module decreases over time. This is due to the degradation of solar cells, which can be caused by various factors such as: E.g.:

• Light degradation: The solar cells gradually degrade when exposed to sunlight.
• Temperature degradation: The performance of solar cells decreases as the temperature increases.
• Moisture Degradation: Moisture can corrode the solar cells and affect their performance.

Although the lifespan of a solar module is 25 to 30 years, it is possible that individual modules will still be functional after 20 years or longer. The actual lifespan of a solar panel depends on the factors mentioned above.

Economics:

Solar modules are an investment in the future. They can help you reduce your electricity costs and make your contribution to climate protection. The service life of 25 to 30 years is an important factor for the economic viability of a solar system.

Conclusion:

The lifespan of a solar module is usually 25 to 30 years. During this time they can retain up to 80% of their performance. However, the actual lifespan may depend on various factors.

Tip:

When purchasing a solar panel, pay attention to the quality of the solar cells and the manufacturing process. Regular cleaning and inspection of the solar panel can extend its lifespan.

Solar modules, also known as photovoltaic modules, offer numerous advantages that are attractive for private individuals, companies and the environment:

1. Sustainable energy production:

Solar panels generate electricity from sunlight, a renewable and clean energy source. Unlike fossil fuels such as coal and gas, they do not produce greenhouse gases or pollutants and therefore do not contribute to air pollution or climate change.

2. Reduction in Electricity Costs:

By using solar power, you can significantly reduce your electricity costs. The more electricity you generate yourself, the less you have to buy from the grid operator.

3. Independence from energy suppliers:

With a solar system you are less dependent on rising electricity prices and bottlenecks in the energy supply. You can generate your own electricity and take your energy supply into your own hands.

4. Increase in property value:

A solar system can increase the value of your property. Attractive funding programs and feed-in tariffs make solar systems a worthwhile investment.

5. Low maintenance:

Solar modules require little maintenance and only need to be cleaned occasionally. They have no moving parts and are therefore very durable compared to other power plants.

6. Wide range of uses:

Solar modules can be installed on roofs, facades or open spaces. They are suitable for private households as well as for commercial and agricultural businesses.

7. Eco-Friendly Technology:

Solar panels are an environmentally friendly technology that can help combat climate change and protect the environment.

8. Quiet operation:

Solar modules work silently and do not cause any noise pollution.

9. Combinable use:

Solar modules can be used with other energy systems, e.g. B. storage systems or heat pumps, can be combined to further increase energy efficiency.

10. Future-oriented investment:

Solar modules are a future-oriented investment that is worthwhile both ecologically and economically.

In summary, solar panels offer numerous benefits that are important for both the individual and the environment. They are a sustainable, cost-effective and future-oriented way to generate electricity.

In addition to the numerous advantages, solar modules also have some disadvantages that should be taken into account when deciding on a solar system:

1. High acquisition costs:

The purchase costs for a solar system are relatively high. The investment must therefore be well thought out and financed.

2. Dependence on solar radiation:

The generation of electricity by solar modules depends on solar radiation. Therefore, performance is lower on cloudy days or at night.

3. Space requirements:

Installing a solar system requires a certain amount of space. The more electricity you want to generate, the more solar panels and roof space you will need.

4. Limited Storage Capacity:

Solar panels only generate electricity when the sun is shining. In order to be able to use the electricity at night or in bad weather, battery storage is necessary. However, battery storage is expensive and has a limited lifespan.

5. Environmental impact during production:

The production of solar modules can have a negative impact on the environment. Production uses chemicals and energy that can cause environmental pollution.

6. Disposal:

Solar modules contain pollutants such as heavy metals that must not be released into the environment when disposed of. Therefore, professional disposal of the modules is necessary.

7. Dependence on government funding:

The economic viability of solar systems can depend on government funding programs. If subsidies expire or are reduced, the profitability of a solar system may deteriorate.

8. Possible impairment of appearance:

Solar panels can impact the appearance of a building. When installing, attention should therefore be paid to a visually appealing solution.

9. Technical losses:

Losses occur when sunlight is converted into electricity. The efficiency of solar modules is typically between 15 and 22%.

10. Weather-related impairments:

Solar modules can be damaged by snow, hail or storms.

In summary, solar panels have many advantages as well as some disadvantages. The acquisition costs are high, the performance depends on solar radiation and disposal must be carried out professionally. Nevertheless, solar modules are an environmentally friendly and future-oriented way to generate electricity.

It is important to carefully weigh the advantages and disadvantages of solar panels before deciding to purchase one.

In Germany, the recycling of solar modules is required by law. Manufacturers and distributors of solar modules are obliged to take back and recycle the modules free of charge.

Private consumers can hand in their solar modules to their municipal recycling centers free of charge. The manufacturers then pay the costs of recycling.

Different regulations apply to operators of solar parks:

You have to dismantle and transport the modules yourself and then pay the costs for recycling. The cost of recycling solar modules is around 2 to 3 euros per module.

The recycling process:

• Dismantling: The solar modules are dismantled and broken down into their individual parts.
• Shredding: The individual parts are shredded.
• Material separation: The different materials, such as: B. Glass, aluminum, copper and silicon are separated from each other.
• Recycling: The separated materials are recycled and processed into new products.

Recycling rate:

In Germany, the recycling rate for solar modules is over 90%. This means that almost all end-of-life solar modules are recycled.

Advantages of recycling:

• Resource conservation: Recycling solar modules saves valuable resources.
• Environmental protection: Recycling solar modules helps protect the environment.
• Recovery of raw materials: Valuable raw materials such as aluminum, copper and silicon can be recovered from the solar modules and recycled.
• Energy Saving: Producing solar panels from recycled materials requires less energy than producing new panels from raw materials.

Conclusion:

Recycling solar modules is important for protecting the environment and conserving resources. In Germany, the recycling of solar modules is required by law and is offered free of charge by manufacturers and distributors.

There are many different sources of information that can help you if you want to learn more about solar panels. Here are some examples:

Sites:

• Federal Association of the Solar Industry (BSW Solar): https://www.solarwirtschaft.de/
• Central Association of German Electrical and Information Technology (ZVEH): https://www.zveh.de/
• Federal funding database: https://www.foerderkatalog.de/
• Solar Panel Manufacturers: Most solar panel manufacturers provide information about their products and services on their websites.
• Consumer advice centers: The consumer advice centers offer independent advice on the subject of solar systems.

Books and specialist magazines:

• There are a variety of books and specialist magazines that deal with the topic of solar modules.
• You can find a selection of relevant publications at your local library or bookstore.

Trade fairs and events:

• Trade fairs and events on the subject of solar modules take place regularly. There you can get information from experts and talk to other interested parties.

Advice from specialist companies:

• If you are planning a solar system, you should seek advice from a specialist company. A specialist company can help you choose the right solar modules and plan your solar system.

In principle, self-installation of solar modules is permitted in Germany.

However, some important points must be taken into account:

• Expertise: Installing solar panels requires expertise in electrical engineering and roof installation.
• Safety Precautions: Strict safety precautions must be followed when installing solar panels to avoid accidents.
• Legal requirements: The installation of solar modules must comply with the relevant legal requirements, e.g. B. the building code and the standards of the Association of German Electrical Engineering (VDE).
• Registration with the network operator: After installation, the solar system must be registered with the network operator.

It is therefore advisable to have the installation of solar modules carried out by a qualified specialist company.

The specialist company can also help you with applying for funding and registering the solar system with the network operator.

Advantages of self-installation:

• Cost savings: Self-installation can be more cost-effective compared to hiring a professional.
• Flexibility: You can plan and carry out the installation yourself according to your wishes and needs.

Disadvantages of self-installation:

• Risks: There is a risk of accidents or property damage when installing solar modules.
• Liability: You are liable for errors or defects.
• Time Consumed: Installing solar panels can be time-consuming.
• Specialist knowledge: You need specialist knowledge in the areas of electrical engineering and roof installation.

Conclusion:

The decision as to whether or not you want to install solar panels yourself should be carefully considered.

If you are not sure whether you can carry out the installation yourself, you should seek advice from a specialist company.