Solar module

A solar module, also called a photovoltaic module, PV module, solar panel or solar panel, is an electronic assembly that converts sunlight directly into electrical energy. It is the heart of every photovoltaic system.

How it works: Solar modules consist of a large number of solar cells connected in series or parallel. When sunlight hits a solar cell, the semiconductors it contains (usually silicon) trigger an electrical current. This effect is known as the photovoltaic effect. The direct current generated in this way is diverted via electrical cables and can be used to power devices or to feed into the public power grid.

Structure: A typical solar module consists of the following components:

• Solar cells: The actual converters of light into electrical energy.
• Glazing: Protects the solar cells from external influences such as weather and mechanical stress.
• Frame: Gives the module stability and is used for fastening.
• Cell connector: Connects the individual solar cells electrically to one another.
• Junction box: Connects the modules electrically to the system and contains protective diodes.

Types of solar modules: There are different types of solar modules that differ in their manufacture, efficiency and application:

• Monocrystalline modules: Consist of a single silicon crystal and are characterized by a high level of efficiency.
• Polycrystalline modules: Consist of several silicon crystals and are more cost-effective than monocrystalline modules.
• Thin-film modules: Are less thick than conventional modules and are more flexible, but generally less efficient.
• Organic solar cells: Based on organic materials and are still in development.

Applications: Solar modules have a wide range of applications, including:

• Power supply for buildings (self-consumption or feeding into the grid)
• Power supply for mobile devices (e.g. camping equipment, boats)
• Power supply to remote areas without a grid connection
• Integration into buildings (e.g. facades, roofs)

Advantages of solar energy:

• Sustainability: Inexhaustible energy source
• Environmentally friendly: No harmful emissions
• Decentralized energy supply: Independence from the public power grid
• Cost reduction: Increasing efficiency and falling prices

Relevant keywords: Photovoltaics, Solar cell, Silicon, Efficiency, Monocrystalline, Polycrystalline, Thin-film modules, Solar system, Own consumption, Feed-in